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11. Adhering to multiple substrates: blackberry
"One of the most mobile of plants…is the blackberry. An individual, once established, immediately starts to seek new territory for itself. It puts out exploratory stems…They begin to advance directly and purposefully…Each stem...
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Email12. Running on waxy leaves: Arboreal ants
"Even less clear is the basis of 'wax-running,' by which some ants get around on the slippery epicuticular wax of plants. Federle, Rohrseitz, and Hölldobler (2000) measured attachment forces by making ants do their thing under varying amounts...
13. Design features aid efficient attachment: lice
"Lice are much more sedentary, clutching onto their host's skin with strong gripping claws. They have flattened bodies that rebuff attempts by the host to dislodge them." (Shuker 2001:165)
14. Glue fibers form underwater: caddisfly
"Like silkworm moths, butterflies and spiders, caddisfly larvae spin silk, but they do so underwater instead [of] on dry land. Now, University of Utah researchers have discovered why the fly's silk is sticky when wet and how that may make it...
15. Setae enhance temporary adhesion: leaf beetles
"Second, devices for intermittent adhesion in animals make extraordinary use of multiple contacts. The billion contacts of the gecko's feet may not be exceptional. Each of Stork's (1980) 5-microgram chrysomelid beetles had over ten thousand setae....
16. Bioinspired adhesive tape
Insects are well known for their ability to walk with ease on vertical surfaces, rough or smooth, and scientists have long been looking for ways to reproduce those abilities. A team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute joined with a team o...
17. Foot adaptations climb rough and smooth surfaces: insects
"Researchers Bert Holldobler and Walter Federle have studied how insects can adhere to both rough and smooth surfaces. They discovered that when an insect walks, two claws at the front of each foot grip the surface and then begin to retract. If th...
18. Skin stays clean: earthworm
"[S]oil does not seem to adhere to earthworm surface…An important phenomenon of earthworms moving in moist soil is that the electric potential exists on an earthworm tissue…The electroosmotic flow near an earthworm body surface is a ...
19. Tentacles help filter food: burrowing sea cucumber
"The feeding tentacles, being part of the water-vascular system, can be extended by hydraulic pressure. The four basic types of tentacles are dendritic, peltate, digitate, and pinnate [burrowing sea cucumbers' tentacles are dendritic]. Dend...
20. Feet prevent slipping: insects
"Many insects cling to vertical and inverted surfaces with pads that adhere by nanometre-thin films of liquid secretion. This fluid is an emulsion, consisting of watery droplets in an oily continuous phase. The detailed function of its two-phas...
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