strategy
Skin reduces biofoulingshark
The scales of shark skin may influence attachment of fouling microorganisms via shape and surface topography.
strategy
Egg shells prevent microbial foulingwhite dogwhelk
The eggs of the white rock shell snail ward off microbial attack with a series of physical, mechanical, and potentially chemical defenses
strategy
Ridged surfaces resist biofoulingCommon Mussel, Mediterranean Mussel
Ridged surfaces on mussel shells resist biofouling by disrupting attachment.
strategy
Biofilm-inhibiting chemical protects surfacesred algae
Red algae protects itself from bacterial infection by exuding compounds that inhibit biofilms.
strategy
Proteins crystalize minerals, kill bacteriaChinese softshell turtle
The eggshells of the Chinese softshell turtles are both strong and antimicrobial due to the production of a single protein, pelovaterin.
strategy
Skin resists microorganismspilot whale
The skin of pilot whales resists microorganisms thanks to microscopic pores and nanoridges, surrounded by a secreted enzymatic gel which denatures proteins and carbohydrates.
strategy
Microstructures on the surface of cicada wings kill bacteriaclanger cicada
Nanopillars on the surface of cicada wings kill bacteria by stretching them to the point of ripping
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