Stem Grows Tall

yellow and green oval fruits on green tree

Biological Strategy

Eleanor Banwell

Image: Nolwenn Guény / Flickr / Some rights reserved

Regulate Reproduction or Growth

Reproduction and growth are two physiological processes that occur in all living systems. There are situations when conditions are right for both, and other situations when continuing either harms the living system because both have a very high energy cost. Reproduction and growth are unique in that both can stop until conditions improve, although stopping either for an extended time can cause problems. An example of regulating reproduction is a process called delayed implantation or embryonic diapause found in some mammals, such as otters. An otter’s embryos sometimes temporarily cease developing and won’t develop further until the female senses that conditions are suitable.

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Stem of papaya grows tall because turgor pressure in cells is so high

Papaya plants can reach up to 12 meters in height and look like trees. However, they lack wood and are in fact some of the world’s largest herbs. Wood is how trees are able to withstand the forces required to grow so large, so how do papayas, which often grow in regions subject to frequent high winds, manage to stand tall without wood?

The answer is a mixture of factors. Papayas, like all large plants, have two sets of vessels responsible for transporting water up from the roots, and sugars down from the leaves. The two sets of vessels have very different physical characteristics and, in papayas, these work together to make a stronger stem. The phloem, which transports sugars down from the leaves, can withstand tension (stretching) forces, while the xylem, which transports water up from the roots, is able to withstand compression (squeezing).

As well as the pairing of xylem and phloem, papayas also use turgor pressure to grow so tall. Plant cells are like bags of water surrounded by a rigid box (the cell wall). If water is lost from the bag, the walls of the box can collapse, while if the wall breaks, the bag can be squashed. Together, however, the water-filled bag inside the cell wall is strong. This mechanism is how all herbaceous plants stand up and you can see it in the wilting of your house plants if you forget to water them. Turgor pressure is the water pressure inside the cell and wilting happens when plants suffering from drought cannot maintain sufficient turgor pressure and their cells collapse under the weight of the plant’s own tissues. In papayas, the turgor pressure is much higher than other plants (up to 1.25 MPa), enabling it to grow taller. It would be disastrous for a plant as large as a papaya to wilt, they preferentially protect the turgor pressure in their stems and instead drop their oldest leaves when subjected to drought.

But even this isn’t the whole story, and a combination of all these factors is needed to grow so tall. The xylem cells of papaya plants are full of water and it is here their high turgor pressure is most important. The xylem tubes are arranged in a hexagonal array in the middle of the stem, and the cells that make them up bulge out. This puts a constant stretching force on the phloem tubes that form the outer layer of the stem. In this way, the complementary properties of the xylem and phloem and the high turgor pressure of the cells inside the stem all work together, enabling papayas to achieve great heights.