Chemically Generate Flow of Electrons (Redox)
Electron flows, or electron transport, is a critical step in numerous biochemical pathways. For example, the flow of electrons along the electron transport chain between membrane-bound proteins of mitochondria during cellular respiration or the chloroplast during photosynthesis triggers a flow of protons across the same membrane. This flow provides the energy for cellular processes similar to the flow of water across a hydroelectric dam.
Modify Oxidation State
Oxidation state refers to the degree to which an element has gained or lost electrons–it can have a significant impact on the characteristics of that element. For example, hexavalent chromium with an oxidation number of +6, is a known carcinogen whereas the less oxidized (i.e., “reduced”) trivalent form, with an oxidation number of +3, is less toxic. The bacterium, Acidiphilium cryptum, can enzymatically convert chromium from the hexavalent to the trivalent form.
Modify Electron Transport
Electron transport is essential for helping organisms to produce energy and survive. Several species can modify the movement of electrons in different ways, allowing them to survive in a variety of conditions.
